Dibutyltin diacetate catalyst Sn/c2*1-3-4-2;2*1-2(3)4;/h2*1,3-4H2,2H3;2*1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;;;+2/p-2 Copy Dibutyltin Dilaurate | Catalyst for Polyurethane Paints and Coatings It has been found that dibutyltin dilaurate and dibutyltin dibutanethiolate are almost equally effective as catalysts in the formation of a urethane from phenyl isocyanate and butanol, and that the catalytic activity of both compounds is inhibited by thiols. The main goal of the work is to compare the effectiveness of both catalysts. POLYURETHANE CATALYSTS Environmental and regulatory considerations are redefining the approach to urethane catalysis. Dibutyltin dilaurate was found to result in a slightly longer pot life than dibutyltin diacetate at the same concentration. 1067-33-0. DIBUTYLTIN DIACETATE is stable under normal laboratory conditions. These results are consistent with a mechanism which involves the N-coordination of the Dibutyltin diacetate showed the highest conversion of 96% after 2000 min. For the catalytic cycle, Gibbs free energy data show the stability of the association between the organotin carbamate and the free TABLE 1 _____ Time to Time to 1st Stage Final Acid Catalyst (min) Number(min) _____ 1* Butylstannoic acid 415 635 2* Dimethyltin oxide 400 630 3* Dibutyltin oxide 475 655 4* Dioctyltin oxide 475 670 5* Dibutyltin diacetate 500 >635 6* Dibutyltin dilaurate 470 695 7* Stannous octoate >690 >690 8* Butylchlorotin dihydroxide 425 670 9 REAXIS ® C228 (Dioctyltin Diacetate) is an octyl-based organotin with a carboxylate functionality. Dibutyltin diacetate (DBTA) formulation. Primarily used to promote the isocyanate Among the catalysts studied the most active one was dibutyltin diacetate with an associate oil conversion of 92. 5C: Certificates of analysis (CoA) If you don’t see the needed lot of DiButylTinDiAcetate below please contact customer support at sales@ereztech. Dibutyltin Diacetate: Dibutyltin diacetate serves as an effective catalyst for both urethane and trimerization reactions, making it suitable for producing highly All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Product name : Dibutyltin diacetate Product Number : 290890 Brand : Aldrich Index-No. 0% PATcat 3029PATcat 3031 Dioctyltin di (lauryl mercaptide) 15. This zirconium complex catalyst has been evaluated in several waterborne polyurethane formulations and oct: octoate, DBTDAC: dibutyltin diacetate, Tyzor GBA: acetylacetonate titanate chelate. : 1067-33-0 Molecular formula: C12H24O4Sn Appearance: Clear or yellowish liquid EINECS No. Proton NMR spectroscopy identified silanol intermediates, confirming that the hydrolysis of GPS was a stepwise reaction . 0% Dimethyl Tin Dioctyl Tin Dibutyl Tin Monobutyl Tin Dibutyltin diacetate 33. Grade: FASCAT® 4200 Catalyst. Download: Download high-res image (177KB) Download: Download full The three different catalysts used in the preparation of pre-polymer were dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), dibutyltin dibutoxide (DBTDB) and dibutyltin diacetate (DBTDA). The catalyst levels were selected such that all had similar tin contents. The most commonly used organotin compound is dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), which is exceptionally versatile and effective for polymerization [2–4, 6, 7]. 1) Packing group: II: In TSCA registry: Yes: Flash point: 150. It is incorporated into the final product and does not require removal. REAXIS ® C228 contains the highest concentration of tin for liquid-based octyl tin products. External Diorganotin compounds such as dibutyltin and dioctyltin diacetate, dilaurate, and the di-(2-ethylhexoate) are used as curing catalysts for condensation-cured room-temperature-vulcanized (RTV) silicone elastomers for the production of flexible silicone compositions used as caulks, adhesives, molding compounds, in flexible silicone wire Dibutyltin diacetate can be used as a catalyst to synthesize: Wittenberger tetrazole derivatives by reacting with various nitriles in the presence of trimethylsilyl azide. FASCAT® 4200 is a multifunctional catalyst employed in silanol condensation processes for Dibutyltin diacetate Application. This reaction [6] was studied in diglyme with amine and tin catalysts. DBTL and dibutyltin diacetate (DBTA) are very versatile catalysts for the NCO/OH reactions. Ketoximes blocked isocyanates are used to lower the temperature to ≈140°C []. Typically Dibutyltin diacetate: DBTA / DBTDA: 1067-33-0: 213-928-8: C 12 H 24 O 4 Sn: Clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid with multiple uses: • in silanol condensation reactions for caulk and sealant applications Catalyst effectiveness has been shown in a number of short, medium, and long oil alkyds prepared from fusion and Manufacturer of Catalysts - Dibutyltin Dilaurate (DBTDL), Tetra N Butyl Titanate, Dibutyltin Diacetate and Triethylenetetramine (TETA) offered by Ultima Chemicals, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Organotin carboxylate products such as REAXIS ® C216 (Dioctyltin Dilaurate), REAXIS ® C218 (Dibutyltin Dilaurate), REAXIS ® C233 (Dibutyltin Diacetate) and REAXIS ® C325 (Dimethyltin Dineodecanoate) are commonly used in both rigid and flexible foams. Document Type: TDS. The rate of crosslinking is a function of catalyst concentration and its chemical nature. Supplemental Information: This is classified as a Dangerous Good for transport and may be Dibutyltin diacetate MSDS (material safety data sheet) or SDS, CoA and CoQ, dossiers, brochures and other available documents. Used in the paint industry; It is a multi-purpose catalyst, used for transesterification reaction, silanol condensation reaction and polyurethane crosslinking reaction, for adhesives and caulking agents; It acts as a catalyst for the preparation of silicone and urethane foams. 8% PATcat 3014 Dibutyltin lauryl mercaptide 18. When cationic epoxy resin is used, the formation of a film is seen to improve if dibutyltin dibenzoate and dibutyltin derivative of other aromatic carboxylic Dibutyltin diacetate can be used as a catalyst to synthesize: Wittenberger tetrazole derivatives by reacting with various nitriles in the presence of trimethylsilyl azide. The catalysts enable precise control of reaction conditions and contribute to higher yields and improved product quality. 0% PATcat 3026 Dibutyltin di (2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate) 18. ab films drawn down with a wire applicator. Dibutyltin diacetate may react with The article is centred in the first step where ionic groups containing polyurethanes were synthesized in acetone (using the so called “acetone process”). Phenylmercuric acetate showed exceptional high reaction rates with water. This compound may react with oxidizers. Zirconium catalysts are also selective10 in catalyzing the isocyanate-hydroxyl reaction Synonyms: DBTA, DBTDA, Dibutyltin di(acetate), Dibutyl tin diacetate, Diacetoxy(dibutyl)stannane, BNT-CAT 400, FASCAT 4200 CATALYST, Metatin Catalyst 702, Metatin A room temperature vulcanizing alkoxy curing silicone composition cured by a dual catalyst system comprising either (C 4 H 9 )Sn(O 2 CCH 3 )(O 2 C(CH 2 ) 10 CH 3 ) or an approximately equimolar mixture of dibutyltin diacetate and dibutyltin dilaurate or mixtures thereof whereby tooling time is increased without deleterious effects upon cured performance properties. (DIBUTYLTIN DIACETATE) Hazardous class: 8(6. DBTDA used as a catalyst in the vulcanizing cure of silicones at room temperatures. Quality assurance drives our manufacturing processes and provides peace of mind to our customers. Dibutyltin dilaurate and DABCO gave equal reaction rates with water and hydroxyl groups. [56] showed a maximum oil conversion (96%) after 2000 min with the use of dibutyltin diacetate as catalyst. 03 g/mol Chemical Formula: (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂)₂Sn(OOCCH₃) Dibutyltin diacetate can be used as a catalyst to synthesize: Wittenberger tetrazole derivatives by reacting with various nitriles in the presence of trimethylsilyl azide. 5% PATcat 3016 Dioctyltin acetyl acetonate 21. ; Urea derivatives from aryl isocyanates and various amines in the presence of 4 dibutyltin diacetate catalysts. Offers ease of processing and can be used at temperatures up to 250°C. Despite the use of DBTDL as a catalyst for the vulcanization of caprolactam blocked isocyanates, temperatures of 180–200°C is required []. ; Urea derivatives from aryl isocyanates and various amines in the presence of 4-methylmorpholine. Application. The document currently is provided in the following languages from the supplier at this time. Catalyst for RTV. It is used in many applicationssuch as construction (window frames and water, sewage anddrainage pipes), packaging (food and blood bags), householdproducts (rainc ViaCat 400 (Dibutyltin diacetate) is a colourless to yellowish substance which has C 12 H 24 O 4 Sn as chemical formula. dibutyltin, and dioctyltin catalysts under the FASCAT brand name. Normally the mixed ratio is DBTDA: DBTDL=1:9 to 2:8; also as catalyst of polyurethane coating. Common tin catalysts include stannous octoate, stannous neodecanaote, dibutyltin dilaurate, dioctyl diacetate, dioctyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin oxide and dimethyltin PU catalyst, RTV silicone rubber Dibutyltin diacetate is stable under normal laboratory conditions. The clear and colorless to yellowish liquid has a characteristic smell of acetic acid and is soluble in organic solvents such as toluene. T 1 (CATALYST) TI(CATALYST) TIN,DIBURYL-,DIACETATE; U dibutyltin diacetate C&L Inventory Dibutylzinndiacetat Metatin(TM) Catalyst 702 Registration dossier Metatin(TM) Katalysator 702 Registration dossier Other identifiers 050-033-00-X Product Info: This FASCAT® 4200 catalyst, dibutyltin diacetate, is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid. The structure and vibrational spectra of the DBTDA molecule have been simulated using density functional Dibutyltin diacetate (DBTA) Dibutyltin diacetate (DBTA) -1067-33-0: TIB KAT 233S-1067-33-0. Molecular Formula: C 12 H 24 O 4 Sn. Hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes—PMX-0156 (M n ~ 4000 g/mol) and C2T (M n ~ 18,000 g/mol) were obtained from Dow Corning and Wacker Chemie For silicones, tin catalysts are the ideal catalyst for catalyzing a wide range of silicone condensation reactions, here acting to promote the key crosslinking reactions. Uses. 二醋酸二丁基锡是一种有机化合物，结构式为(C4H9)2Sn(OOCCH3)2。浅黄色或无色透明带有醋酸气味的液体，10℃以下呈固体或半固体。属于凝胶催化剂，主要用作室温硅橡胶固化催化剂，尤其是适用于脱醋酸型的有机硅制品，还可用作聚氨酯涂料催化剂。急性毒性大鼠经口LD50：110 mg/kg。 PATcat 3023 Dioctyltin diacetate 26. FASCAT® 4200 is used in silanol condensation reactions for caulk and sealant applications. It is insoluble in water and soluble in most organic solvents. Two organotin catalysts, namely, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and dibutyltin diacetate (DBTDA), commonly used in the synthesis of polyurethanes, have been investigated combining vibrational spectroscopic measurements with molecular modeling. As a catalyst, DBTA is This FASCAT® 4200 catalyst, dibutyltin diacetate, is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid. Otera's 二月桂酸二丁基锡是一种有机锡添加剂,能溶于苯、甲苯、四氯化碳、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、丙酮、石油醚等有机溶剂和所有工业增塑剂，不溶于水。市面上流 通的高沸点多用途有机锡催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡通常都是经过特殊液化处理的，常温下为浅黄色或无色油状液体，低温成白色结晶体，可用 Dibutyltin diacetate for synthesis; CAS Number: 1067-33-0; Synonyms: Dibutyltin diacetate,Diacetoxydibutylstannane, Diacetoxydibutyltin; Linear Formula: (CH3CH2CH2CH2)2Sn(OOCCH3)2 at Sigma-Aldrich It has been found that dibutyltin dilaurate and dibutyltin dibutanethiolate are almost equally effective as catalysts in the formation of a urethane from phenyl isocyanate and butanol, and that the catalytic activity of both compounds is inhibited by thiols. TIB KAT 233 S Dibutyltin diacetate type (DBTA) TIB KAT 248 Dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) TIB KAT 248 LC Dibutyltin oxide, low chloride (DBTO) TIB catalysts are constantly enhanced and adapted to the growing needs of our customers in a wide Two organotin catalysts, namely, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and dibutyltin diacetate (DBTDA), commonly used in the synthesis of polyurethanes, have been investigated combining vibrational spectroscopic measurements with molecular modeling. The product was used without further purification. similar catalytic activity of a dialkyltin diester and a dialkyltin dithiolate was FASCAT® 4200 by PMC Group is dibutyltin diacetate. Offers ease of processing, and can be used at temperatures up to 250°C. Dibutyltin oxide, or dibutyloxotin, is an organotin compound with the chemical formula (C 4 H 9) 2 SnO. PMC Organometallix is a leading global producer of a broad portfolio of stannous (tin II), monobutyltin, dibutyltin, and dioctyltin catalysts under the FASCAT brand name. The two best catalysts, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and dibutyltin diacetate catalysed the hydrolysis process at rates which were similar to that observed for the GPS hydrolysis in acidified water. . Further, it is used as a curing agent for silicone elastomers. It is also used as a stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride, [5] [1] vinyl ester resins, lacquers catalyst, which is commonly dibutyltin diacetate or dilaurat e [equation (16)] (Picture 8). [1] Together with dibutyltin dioctanoate, dibutyltin dilaurate is used as a catalyst for polyurethane production from isocyanates and diols. This Perspective article IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/2C4H9. Dibutyltin diacetate can be used as a catalyst to synthesize: Wittenberger tetrazole derivatives by reacting with various nitriles in the presence of trimethylsilyl azide. : 050-033-00-X CAS-No. : 213-928-8 Molecular weight: 351. Safety Profile Dibutyltin dilaurate is used as a paint additive. com. 03 Package: 25kgs or 200kgs plastic drum Similar experiments conducted with a commercial catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), show that for the same reaction conditions no diurethane adduct is formed and that the turnover rate is Sodium methoxide, sodium phenolate, dibutyltin diacetate, sodium phosphate, potassium acetate and titanium isopropoxide catalysts were reported to help the glycolysis [19], and at the lowest temperature without catalyst, and the products of the glycolysis were intended to be used as components of urethane-base adhesive mixtures. It is a colorless solid that, when pure, is insoluble in organic solvents. Dibutyltin diacetate can be used as a catalyst to synthesize: Wittenberger tetrazole derivatives by reacting with various nitriles in the presence of trimethylsilyl azide. Similar products to dioctyltin diacetate include REAXIS ® C216 (Dioctyltin Application: Dibutyltin diacetate is a catalyst for condensation reactions. For additional analytical By mixing dibutyltin diacetate (DBTDA) and n-butanol in the molar ratio of 1:2 no significant change in temperature could be observed experimentally. This Perspective article highlights recent advances in organocatalyst design for isocyanate-based polyurethane synthesis with the aim of comparing the activity and selectivity of each of the new catalytic reactions to each other and the standard dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst. The relative catalytic activity of these OTCs is 5000 times higher than for such tertiary amines as N-alkylmorpholines, dialkyl alkanolamines, and triethyleneamines (see Table 1) . 0% PATcat 3020 Dibutyltin dilaurate (lower crystallization temperature) 18. Dibutyltin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate are widely used curing catalysts for the production of silicones and polyurethanes. Name: Dibutyltin Diacetate CAS No. 03. REAXIS ® C218 (Dibutyltin Dilaurate), commonly abbreviated to DBTDL, is one of the most commonly used specialty metal-based catalysts for polyurethanes and silicone condensation reactions. Two different catalysts were investigated, dibutyltin diacetate (DBTDA) and zirconium acetyl acetonate Zr(acac). PowerCat™ DBTDL is Hydrolysis resistant catalyst. Dibutyltin diacetate. Furthermore, catalyst selection will also depend on the desired properties, and pot life requirements. Table 3 shows the pre-polymer viscosity with time for different catalysts. : 1067-33-0 1. 6% after 33 h of reaction time. Quality assurance drives our manufacturing processes and provides peace of mind to 1067-33-0 Dibutyltin diacetate • Clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid • Silanol condensation reactions for caulk and A formulation containing a dibutyltin diacetate (DBTDac) catalyst increases substantially in acid number, whereas the Zr and Al chelate catalyzed formulations and the bismuth carboxylate catalyzed formulations show no increase in acid number. FASCAT 4000 Series is a range of organotin compounds used as catalysts in various REAXIS® C233 (Dibutyltin Diacetate) is a liquid butyl tin catalyst with high tin content for exceptional reactivity in polyurethane and silicone applications. We also screened antimony (m) acetate Notice: Concentration information is not available for this spectrum and, therefore, molar absorptivity values cannot be derived. (NTP, 1992). In addition to this, it is used as a precursor for Product DiButylTinDiAcetate has been discontinued. Molecular Weight: 351. Dibutyltin diacetate 33. With a long history of usage in a wide range of formulations, dibutyltin dilaurate is a good benchmark tin catalyst when starting development work on new formulations. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program. [15] As with regular isocyanates organometallic compounds and tertiary amines may lower the unblocking temperature. It is liquid at room temperature and is used as catalyst for room Dibutyltin diacetate, usually called DBTA, is a tin-organic catalyst and stabilizer. The commonly used dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst was replaced with bismuth neodecanoate, bismuth tris(2-ethylhexanoate), and zinc (II) acetyloacetonate as less-toxic alternative catalysts It was established that the most active catalysts in this case include dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin maleate, and dibutyltin dilaurate. 반응 프로필 Dibutyltin diacetate is stable under normal laboratory conditions. Multipurpose high-boiling organic tin catalyst circulation of dibutyltin dilaurate are usually Catalysts also have a role in the unblocking of blocked isocyanates. 공기와 물의 반응 Forms white precipitate in water. The The catalyst usually is PowerCat™ DBTDL and PowerCat™ DBTDA. (PVC) stabilizers, industrial and agricultural biocides, and catalysts [7][8] [9]. Glass ampules, bottles or metal ampules or bubblers are available for packaging. Dibutyltin Diacetate (DBTDA) for CASE applications: Duroct® Lead 36% : Lead 2-ethylhexanoates for flexible foams Dibutyltin diacetate is stable under normal laboratory conditions. 0% PATcat 3004 Dibutyltin dineodecanoate 20. The replacement of tin in the form of organotin catalysts is accelerating due to the known toxicity of tin. [5] See also. These properties are particularly important for the production of high-quality end Dibutyltin diacetate can be used as a catalyst to synthesize: Wittenberger tetrazole derivatives by reacting with various nitriles in the presence of trimethylsilyl azide. Used in the production of blocked isocyanates for urethane coatings that are used in the automotive OEM market. The efficiency of these catalysts allows a direct application to the crosslinking of the Download scientific diagram | Scheme II. Moreover, a range of PU catalyst, RTV silicone rubber 일반 설명 Clear yellow liquid. 2C2H4O2. DBTDL – dibutyltin dilaurate, DBTDA – dibutyltin diacetate, BBTDbutoxide – dibutyltin dibutoxide are used as catalysts. Dibutyltin diacetate is an organotin compound that is commonly used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. Used in transesterification reactions, silanol condensation reactions, and urethane cross-linking reactions. Especially suitable for acetoxy sealant; Has higher catalysis speed than dibutyltindilaurate. Fire Hazard: Dibutyltin diacetate is combustible. Ereztech manufactures and sells this product in small and bulk volumes. REAXIS ® C228 is a highly reactive neat liquid octyl tin chemical, given its high tin content (28%) and related small ligand. Acts as a crosslinking catalyst. It is also useful as a catalyst for transesterification and for the room temperature vulcanization of silicones. ; Carbamate derivatives from various isocyanates and alcohols in the presence of dichloromethane as solvent. 0% Dibutyltin-diacetate catalyst (Sn catalyst), methyltrimethoxysilane cross-linker 1 (MTMS1), and hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane—40cSt (M n ~ 1000 g/mol) were kindly provided by Sika AG. Dibutyltin diacetate may react with oxidizers. Once you have logged in or signed up, select the product size you are interested in and the datasheet will be visible for download if one is available. Several of the Toyocat® catalysts gave very long pot life values, particularly Toyocat® F22, DB30, and DB60. Organometallics are good reducing agents and therefore incompatible with oxidizing agents. Organotin Carboxylate Polyurethane Foam Catalysts. FASCAT® 4200 by PMC Group acts as a crosslinking catalyst. Poly (vinyl chloride), PVC, is one of the most importantcommercial plastics, and its production is the third largest afterpolyethylene and polypropylene. Catalysis of dibutyltin dilaurate. from publication: Synthesis and Characterization of Trichlorophenol-blocked Polyaryl Polyisocyanate | T ypical blocked Organotin compounds can be widely used as catalysts to initiate the polymerization process of thermoset resins such as epoxy resins [], polyester [], cyanate ester resins [3, 4] and polyurethane []. Catalysis; Energy generation/storage; MEMS & Nanomaterials; Case Studies. 0% Dibutyltin diacetate Application. Dibutyltin oxide and 1-alkoxy-3-acyloxytetrabutyldistannoxanes were shown to be at 200°C excellent catalysts for transesterification reactions and excellent crosslinking agents of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) and ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA) [1], [2]. Then biodiesel was produced by the transesterification of sunflower oil, neem oil, rocket seed oil and linseed oil with methanol by using dibutyltin diacetate as catalyst, under the same reaction conditions (as that of optimized reaction conditions for jojoba oil biodiesel). The surface-dry and through-dry times were recorded with a Gardner As expected, the pot life decreased as the catalyst concentration was increased. 0% PATcat 3018WB Dibutyltin dilaurate 1. 0% PATcat 3001 Dibutyltin dilaurate 18. but insoluble in water. Insoluble in water. Strongly reactive with many other groups. Dibutyltin thiocarboxylates : Delayed action (hindered) catalysts for RIM and HR foams. PowerCat™ DBTDA is Dibutyltin Diacetate with CAS No. Dibutyltin dilaurate (CAS 77-58-7) information, including chemical properties, structure, melting point, boiling point, density, formula, molecular weight, uses, prices, suppliers, SDS and more, available at Chemicalbook. Incompatible with acids and bases. Our catalysts are globally recognized for consistent performance. In addition Call Us: +1 (914) 407-6109 57 West 57th Street, 3rd floor, New York - NY 10019, USA Recently, the use of organic bases such as guanidines, amidines, N-heterocyclic carbenes, and organic “strong or super-strong” Brønsted acids to catalyze the synthesis of metal-free polyurethanes has shown to be competitive to commercially widely used dibutyltin dilaurate and dibutyltin diacetate catalysts. DBTDL is dibutyltin dilaurate and DBTDA is dibutyltin diacetate. CAS Number: 1067-33-0. In another study conducted by Shah et al. Carbamate derivatives from various isocyanates and alcohols in the presence of dichloromethane as solvent. 2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses : Laboratory chemicals, Synthesis of substances Uses advised against : The product is being supplied under the TSCA R&D Download the Momentive DBT (Dibutyl Tin Dilaurate) Catalyst technical data sheet (TDS) and the Momentive DBT (Dibutyl Tin Dilaurate) Catalyst safety data sheet (SDS) from Silmid today. Figure 2: Characteristics and Applications of Stannous Octoate. Tin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate and other metal compounds are effective deblocking catalysts. SDS; CoA; Synonyms: Diacetoxydibutylstannane, Diacetoxydibutyltin CAS #: 1067-33-0 EC Number: 213-928-8 Molar Mass: 351. Additional Data DBTBA was synthesised by reacting with DBTDA (dibutyltin diacetate) + DBTDB (dibutyltin dibutoxide) at a (1:1) mole ratio by heating at 60 °C overnight [30]. pbdjlz keofj rfswpn fpchr xbz ywv xmasyq zscfd ypnslo psfkhv ullpjsb khahc maebbkbih cqi gcldx