Spodumene to lithium carbonate Cheng, G. These low-cost operations are ideal for the convergence of rich lithium brines and arid climates, such as South America’s ‘lithium triangle. . Spodumene can be concentrated with flotation or heavy liquid separation that produce concentrates with spodumene content at least of 75 wt. The purity of obtained lithium carbonate sample were [practical Information: the difference between Lithium Carbonate and Lithium hydroxide] Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide are both raw materials for batteries, and lithium carbonate has always been cheaper than lithium hydroxide on the market. 43-46. The company has partnered with ReElement Technologies to process lithium from its Beecher Project in South Dakota, Here, the authors report an electrochemical leaching method which can directly extract lithium from natural state spodumene ores with low energy consumption, environmental impact, and high efficiency. 22,26 Spodumene and lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3) are used to lower the boiling points and increase resistance to thermal expansion in ceramic and glass applications. The average price was RMB 77,000/MT at the end of the month, up 2. The unit consumption of soda ash in the production of lithium carbonate from spodumene and from brines is not that different, 2. 165 0. 880 Butyllithium C 4 HgLi 0. Although there are over 145 minerals that contain lithium, only five are used for commercial lithium extraction: spodumene, lepidolite, petalite, amblygonite, and eucryptite. The primary sources of Lithium are either brine lakes (Salars) or mineral deposits of mostly Spodumene ore. We systematically examine the study findings Preparation of lithium carbonate from spodumene by a sodium carbonate autoclave process Hydrometallurgy. Intelligen, Inc. Keywords: Spodumene, Lithium sulfate, Lithium carbonate, Carbonation, Water leaching I. Different samples of β -spodumene were used: one obtained from a mineral sample and another synthesized from oxides/carbonates reagents. At the beginning of 2021, with spot prices still near their cyclical lows, there was virtually no margin to be had for merchant convertors buying spodumene . Recovery of lithium from brines and hard rock deposits has been discussed pr eviously (1,2). 425 Lithium hydroxide mono-hydrate LiOH. Disclosed are methods for preparing high purity lithium carbonate which can be used for pharmaceutical applications, electronic grade crystals of lithium or to prepare battery-grade lithium metal. It is shown that Li 2 CO 3 is formed with >90% yield at 750 °C by The primary types of lithium ores include spodumene, zinc sodium feldspar, diorite, lepidolite, amblygonite, and kaolinite. Overview Lithium Universe (ASX:LU7) is dedicated to closing the ‘Lithium Conversion Gap’ in North America by developing a mine-to-battery-grade lithium carbonate strategy in Québec, Canada. Novel process for the extraction of lithium from β-spodumene by leaching with HF. C. Spodumene Conversion Lithium concentrate with a grade of between 4. Lithium is used in Download scientific diagram | Simplified flowsheet for spodumene beneficiation and lithium carbonate production (modified from SWECO 2016; Keliber 2018) (Flowsheet designed in HSC Chemistry 9 by Preparation of lithium carbonate from spodumene by a sodium carbonate autoclave process. The slurry from the Pulper Tank is fed to the high pressure Autoclave where the beta-spodumene is converted to solid lithium carbonate using the CRM (Centre de Recherche Minerale) process. 4% with very high purity of 2 Processing of a Zimbabwean petalite to obtain lithium carbonate O. 62 t soda ash/ton of The acid roasted materials can then be processed in a series of hydrometallurgical steps to produce a purified Li-rich solution. Page 2 Introduction This example analyzes the production of battery grade Lithium Carbonate (L i2 CO 3) from spodumene ore. = ~ 7 tonnes spodumene concentrate (6% Li 2 O) Segments. What's the difference between these two materials? First of all, from the point of view of the preparation Lithium Carbonate Refinery; Spodumene Concentrator; Lithium Carbonate Refinery Overview. This paper seeks to (a) provide a critical review of the sulfuric acid process for lithium extraction from spodumene, Preparation of lithium carbonate from spodumene concentrate was carried out by a sodium carbonate autoclave process. 05 to 2. Lithium Market Outlook & Spodumene Concentrate Price Forecast. Using incumbent technologies, Natural spodumene is α-phase spodumene (α-LiAlSi 2 O 6), an aluminosilicate composed of a tetrahedron [SiO 4] and an octahedron [AlO 6]. S. + O Lithium carbonate was prepared from spodumene by a sodium carbonate autoclave method. To produce lithium carbonate with spodumene as raw material, the mature technology is the sulfuric acid production process in the industry. Owing to the compact structure of α-spodumene, its chemical properties are stable, and it hardly interacts with acids or bases, which makes the direct extraction of lithium almost unfeasible [13], [14]. Lithium occurs in saline brines, hard-rock minerals such as spodumene, and in lithium-bearing clays and mica. The alternative to a brine operation is the hard rock mining of spodumene ore. 5% Li 2 O grade) was used in the Feasibility Study. The autoclave product is cooled by Spodumene competes with natural brines as a source of lithium in the production of lithium carbonate, which is used in aluminum reduction cells to improve the conductivity of the molten bath. At The additional cost of converting the spodumene concentrate to lithium hydroxide is expected to be US$2,456/t LCE The lithium carbonate price has fallen from a peak of US$80,000/t in 2022 to US$35,000/t spot (July 2023). A highly concentrated lithium solution is subsequently refined and converted into lithium carbonate or hydroxide. 871 Lithium bromide LiBr 0. Prices for chemical grade lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and Spodumene, 2018-21 (US$/metric tonnes): Spodumene (RHS) Lithium Carbonate (LHS) Lithium Hydroxide (LHS) Sources: SP Angel/AsiaMetals. Sitando, P. Ruiz, M. D. INTRODUCTION 2 Lithium is a metal that is frequently used in various fields, including cathode material for secondary lithium -ion battery, raw material of Life cycle analyses (LCAs) were conducted for battery-grade lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH•H 2 O) produced from Chilean brines (Salar de Atacama) and Australian spodumene ores. A process for the production of lithium carbonate is provided, including the steps of calcining alpha-spodumene to produce beta-spodumene, sulphating the beta-spodumene and passing it to a leach step in which lithium sulphate is leached in water to produce a pregnant leach slurry, removing impurities from the pregnant leach slurry and precipitating calcium carbonate Preparation of lithium carbonate from spodumene by a sodium carbonate autoclave process. 05. The current industrial process of leaching spodumene with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce lithium hydroxide entails high energy and chemical consumption (H 2 SO 4, Ca(OH) 2, NaOH, and CaCO 3 or Na 2 CO 3). The expected growth rate for lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide is respectively 10% and 14. H. Although lithium carbonate can be converted into lithium hydroxide, it comes at an additional cost and additional steps. Lithium extraction from spodumene is considered a mature technology. In this study, the The escalating demand for lithium has intensified the need to process critical lithium ores into battery-grade materials efficiently. At The additional cost of converting the spodumene concentrate to lithium hydroxide is expected to be US$2,456/t LCE The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Na 2 CO 3 in solid-state lithium extraction from β -spodumene (β -LiAlSi 2 O 6) under both dynamical and static heating conditions. 3 Nnamdi Anyadike, “New discoveries: Raising the profile of lithium in Australia,” Mining Technology, December 5, 2022; “These countries are driving lithium production,” McKinsey, produce either lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide or lithium sulphate. Rodriguez. , 2020), which is the main source of lithium extraction from ores (Liu H and Azimi G, 2021). Careers; Cookie Policy; Site map; Contact; YouTube; Twitter; LinkedIn; Salisbury House, London Wall, London, EC2M 5PS One tonne of lithium content = 5. 6 • Batch leaching tests in 1-3 gallon autoclaves and 2 to 10 liter reactors • Establish operational parameters Meanwhile, spodumene (SC61) prices have fallen by 90%, with current prices trading near US$800/t – a level not seen since 2021. 43-45. Lithium Carbonate from hard rock spodumene: The lithium sulfate solution is treated with sodium carbonate to precipitate lithium carbonate. 5 This well knowns conversion process (calcination, thermal leaching & bicarbonization & crystallization) from Spodumene concentrate to lithium carbonate showed extremely good results with extraction rates of 88. A high-grade lithium carbonate product can be precipitated from this solution. Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3) content. The Spodumene ore contains up to 6 % weight Lithium At present, materials from lithium-bearing deposits are refined either to lithium hydroxide (LiOH·H 2 O) or lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3). More flexibility: The lithium hosted in spodumene can be processed into either lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. James G. spodumene concentrates: direct alkaline leach process for lithium extraction and solubilization, followed by crystallization of the lithium product. Hydrometallurgy, 109 (1–2) (2011), pp. 323 Lithium oxide Li 2 O 0. Figure 1: Lithium chemical spot prices (LHS) and spodumene concentrate (RHS), US$/t Source: Benchmark Minerals Note: EXW = Ex Works, LiOH = Battery-grade Lithium Hydroxide, Li2CO3 = Battery-grade Lithium Carbonate Most lithium is commercially produced from either the extraction of lithium-containing salts from underground brine reservoirs or the mining of lithium-containing rock, such as spodumene. Through calcination, both decrepitation and acid roasting can be achieved in the effort to produce lithium In this work, we report an alternative method to extract Li directly from α-spodumene, which is performed at lower temperatures and avoids the use of acids. Low lithium yield - Spodumene ore contains only 6–7% lithium, requiring large-scale mining operations to extract a small amount of usable lithium. com Australia is already the world’s largest producer of spodumene—the base material for lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate—and has the second largest lithium ore reserves globally. 108 0. The primary sources of Lithium are either Preparation of lithium carbonate from spodumene concentrate was carried out by a sodium carbonate autoclave process. The updated price deck has the following impact on their current coverage universe. 080 0. In 2016, lithium carbonate prices were reported to range from 10,000 US $ to 16,000 US $ while lithium hydroxide prices were reported to range from 14,000 US $ to 20,000 US $ . For battery-grade lithium carbonate, which requires a purity of 99. In the first - the acid process - the mineral concentrate is roasted, sulfated with sulfuric Spodumene ore: Typically refiners want 6% or more LiO2 content. However, conventional hard-rock and salar mining are facing environmental and social concerns. The The slurry from the Pulper Tank is fed to the high pressure Autoclave where the beta-spodumene is converted to solid lithium carbonate using the CRM (Centre de Recherche Minerale) process. This concentration positions the deposit between the medium-grade and low-grade spodumene deposits explored in this study. 2011. As one of the two key feedstocks for the production of lithium chemicals, spodumene from hard rock is processed to lithium hydroxide or carbonate by convertors, the vast majority of which are in China. L. By 2025, experts anticipate demand is likely LITHIUM CARBONATE CONVERSION SUCCESS 25kg sample of Pilgangoora spodumene converted to Lithium Carbonate, exceeding the target 99. The effects of different operation conditions including liquid-to-solid ratio Spodumene can be used to produce both lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, while petalite can only be used to produce lithium carbonate. Lithium Universe Limited is advancing plans to build a 16,000 tonne per annum (tpa) multi-purpose battery-grade lithium carbonate refinery, in Quebec, Canada based on the proven Jiangsu Lithium Carbonate Plant design. There are two main routes to obtain lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide from mineral concentrates. The main disadvantages of this method are the high cost of Spodumene Lithium Carbonate from Recycling Hydroxide Lithium Carbonate TG to Hydroxide TG Lithium Hydroxide BG Modules Tolling China Lithium Hydroxide TG Solid State Battery Materials Cathode Producers Tolling Partner Tolling Partner AMG Resource Projects Lithium Carbonate TG Short Term Medium/Long Term 28. LiCl + Na₂CO₃ -> Li₂CO₃ + 2 NaCl. Lithium carbonate is now ultra-expensive. hydromet. 4% Al2O3, and 64. (Jim) Blencoe, Ph. Spot spodumene concentrate averaged about US$3,950 per tonne in May 2022. G. View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar. Hydrometallurgy, 109 (2011), pp. The lithium-bearing minerals, hosted by the pegmatite rocks, include spodumene, lepidolite, petalite, amblygonite, The amount of lithium oxide (Li 2 O) in spodumene corresponds to about 8%, which is about 4% Li. H 2 O 0. 21. I have read that an alternative could possibly be Spodumene, but from what I can see it's got about 1/5 the amount of Treatment with soda ash (Na 2 CO 3) to precipitate out lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3). This review paper overviews the transformation processes and cost of converting critical lithium ores, primarily spodumene and brine, into high-purity battery-grade precursors. A process for producing lithium carbonate or other lithium chemical products from spodumene ore concentrates, LiAl(SiO3)2, which comprises: (a) calcining the spodumene concentrate to transform it from its crystalline form α to the crystalline form; (b) dehydrating hydrated ferrous sulphate; (c) sulphation reaction of the spodumene with anhydrous ferrous sulphate; (d) The lithium hosted in spodumene can be processed into either lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. Spodumene Market Specifications Lithium is concentrated via evaporation before the brine is sent on to processing facilities for the production of lithium carbonate or chloride. dollars per ton of lithium carbonate equivalent from brine and spodumene, Using current refining methods, brines (containing lithium chloride) have yielded lithium carbonate, whereas refinement from spodumene (lithium sulfate) can yield either lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. Crossref Google Scholar. Benefits of hard rock. (2021) also evaluates the production of battery-grade lithium carbonate from spodumene with a Li 2 O content ranging from 0,8% to 0,9%. 3 tonnes of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) = ~37 to 43 tonnes of spodumene concentrate . This method is energy-intensive, leading to high capital and operational costs. Over the course of 18-24 months, in ideal conditions, natural evaporation occurs, and the resulting material is lithium carbonate. Enhanced Dissolution Technology of Diaspore Bauxite. Technical-grade lithium carbonate with a purity of about 95% is produced (SME 2019). Through an additional chemical process, the carbonate can be converted into lithium hydroxide. The production chain of lithium carbonate from spodumene ore comprises four main steps: mining, beneficiation, heat treatment and lithium extraction. He points out that the spodumene concentrate price has increased to $5,313 per tonne, which translates to a lithium carbonate cost of $52 per kilogram, without any margin for the Lithium is concentrated via evaporation before the brine is sent on to processing facilities for the production of lithium carbonate or chloride. Hi guys - Like the title says I'm trying to substitute Lithium Carbonate in my glaze for another material because it's so expensive. 1. Among these, In recent years, with the sharp decline Lightweight lithium metal is a heavy-hitting critical mineral, serving as the key ingredient in the rechargeable batteries that power phones, laptops, electric vehicles and lithium extraction from spodumene using the traditional sulfuric acid process. %. Effects of the preparation conditions on conversion efficiencies were investigated. Spodumene Extraction. 473 Lithium carbonate Li 2 CO 3 0. Use of LCE is to provide data comparable with industry reports and is the total equivalent amount of lithium carbonate, assuming the lithium content in the deposit is The conventional lithium extraction method involves the calcination of a-spodumene at 1050 °C so that it can be converted to the more-reactive b-spodumene and then a sulfuric acid roasting step at 250 °C. 97% purity, well above battery grade specification and EV grade lithium carbonate Chinese Lithium Carbonate / Lithium Hydroxide conversion plant set to be (Talens Peiro, Villalba, and Ayres 2013). Crouse FluoroMaterials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa Corresponding Author: onsitando@gmail. The total cost of producing battery grade lithium carbonate by 2025 is expected to amount 4,165 and 5,500 U. Table 1 shows the conversion factors for Li compounds. Peng. Thus, the traditional approach Lithium content Lithium oxide content Lithium carbonate equivalent Multiply by: Lithium Li 2. Lithium carbonate as commercially produced from mineral extraction, lithium-containing brines or sea water, in aqueous solution is used as a feedstock and reacted with carbon Materials: Lithium Carbonate (Foote) Materials: Spodumene Spodumene is a lithium sourcing feldspar, an alternative to lithium carbonate to supply Li2O to ceramic glazes. Piloting of the Thermal A Triple Closed-Loop Chemical Technology for Producing Lithium Carbonate, High-Purity Alumina, and High-Quality Metallurgical-Grade . Batteries. Among lithium-bearing ores, spodumene is the most Here, the authors report an electrochemical leaching method which can directly extract lithium from natural state spodumene ores with low energy consumption, environmental impact, and high efficiency. Lithium is sold as spodumene concentrate, hydroxide monohydrate, and carbonate. The present scenario has urged the necessity to beneficiate and extract lithium from the available resources judiciously. A typical run of mine ore can contain 1-2% Li 2O, while a typical spodumene concentrate The solution now contains a high concentration of sodium carbonate and a minor amount of lithium carbonate; it is used to neutralize the leach liquor and to precipitate further quantities of To meet this challenge, high purity Lithium Hydroxide and Lithium Carbonate are required as essential materials to formulate these batteries. For the chemistry nerds, spodumene is 8% Li2O, 27. (up to 2 Mtons lithium equivalent carbonate per year by 2030). CIF prices for Chinese lithium spodumene concentrate (SC6) came in at USD 850-905/MT, averaging USD 878/MT by month-end, up 5. 172 0. Contains up to about 8% Li2O. Rosales, M. Daniel Jimenez highlights the current disconnect between spot spodumene prices and spot lithium carbonate (LC) prices in China. 404 Lithium chloride LiCl 0. 356 0. The first step involves calcination of the spodumene to render it amenable to chemical attack. Cheng and Peng, 1997. All of Australia’s current resources and production are from lithium minerals, chiefly spodumene, though other Li-bearing minerals such as lepidolite are also present. Pegmatites constitute the second major economic resource of lithium, after brines, accounting for about 25% of global production [14]. Lithium Carbonate from brine: The purified lithium chloride solution is treated with sodium carbonate (soda ash) to precipitate lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃). Brines initially can only be processed into carbonate, and then can be further Brazil has large lithium pegmatite reserves and spodumene is the most important commercially mined lithium mineral. Lithium carbonate equivalent (“LCE”) is the industry standard terminology for, and is equivalent to, Li 2 CO 3. 188 0. The LCA was also extended beyond the production of Li 2 CO 3 and LiOH•H 2 O to include battery cathode materials as well as full automotive Lithium hard rock concentrate – less affected by rainfall or snow and able to offer lithium carbonate and hydroxide quality consistency – is also known as spodumene concentrate and has become an important raw material for most Chinese producers while showcasing that lithium hard-rock mines have the capacity to increase production faster than lithium brine The most commonly traded processed lithium compounds are the lithium salts: lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and lithium chloride. 6% SiO2 . This compares to an incentive price of ~US$6,000- lithium carbonate and spodumene concentrate, so the capital costs and conversion costs are not directly comparable. 5% lithium carbonate purity by producing 99. Lithium is extracted from brine and spodumene as lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3), which is directly used or further processed. 1% MoM. 5% to 6% lithia (Li2O) is first calcined at a temperature of 1050-1100ºC for a period of about 30 minutes. You can also extract lithium from minerals like petalite and lithium micas like lepidolite and zinnwaldite but these sources can be lower grade and more complex than spodumene to process. Hydroxide Monohydrate and Lithium Carbonate. 362 0. This paper presents a comparison between the recovery of lithium from a lithium-bearing clay and from spodumene. 1 The spodumene concentrates obtained from ore dressing are first roasted in a meet this challenge, high purity Lithium Hydroxide and Lithium Carbonate are required as essential materials to formulate these batteries. Among lithium-bearing ores, spodumene is the most The pilot plant conversion process from spodumene concentrate to lithium hydroxide was further optimized and confirmed the previous strong results with extraction and conversion rates of 92 %. 26 tons of soda ash/ton of Li 2 CO 3 in the spodumene process and 1. It contains 11% Li2O. Sourcing Li2O from spodumene instead of lithium carbonate comes at a cost. Lithium is finally extracted via leaching with water. Lithium carbonate can then be further treated to create lithium hydroxide. This technology is a traditional process and dominates the production of lithium compounds from spodumene ores due to its economic feasibility and the need of markets for a product of technical quality (99. Spodumene is the main lithium bearing mineral which is currently being explored and processed due to its high lithium content and the extensive occurrence of deposits. 03% (Zhang XF et al. High water consumption – Over 500,000 gallons of water are lost per ton of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE), worsening water scarcity in already arid regions. W. 0% MoM. 006 View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar The electric vehicle and battery markets are calling for unprecedented amounts of lithium; in 2016, demand for the lightweight metal rose by 26%, and is predicted to climb an additional 39% in 2018. 43 - 46 , 10. Spodumene Prices and Lithium Carbonate Costs . The chemical extraction of lithium from spodumene of lithium into carbonate from spodumene concentrate is 85 - 90 % [1]. Materials: Fusion Frit F-493 This frit is very valuable for one simple reason: It is a higher-quality source of Li2O for glazes than raw lithium carbonate. Surging demand and low inventories saw spot spodumene trade as high as US$7,000 a tonne in June 2022. 1016/j. 5% until 2025 , since they are two of the raw materials used for LiBs. The preparation conditions were optimized, and the lithium carbonate conversion efficiency was above 94% under these optimal conditions. A long-term spodumene concentrate price of US$2,277/tonne (5. Due to its high lithium content, spodumene is considered the most important lithium ore mineral. This long-term price forecast was obtained by Fastmarkets, one of the leading providers of global commodity pricing and market intelligence, in a report issued in April 2024. 5% and a d90 between 9 and 15 μm (d90 . ’ Spot prices for battery-grade lithium carbonate stood at RMB 76,000-78,000/MT as of January 31. 6 to 2. IRIS Metals Limited (ASX:IR1) has announced a significant milestone as they look to transition from exploration to lithium production, following the successful conversion of its spodumene concentrate into battery-grade lithium carbonate. Lithium brine ponds: concentrating and precipitating impurities from geological lithium brines via evaporation ponds. This makes spodumene a more attractive option for battery manufacturers, Kelly et al. The effects of different operation conditions including Calcination is an essential tool in the conversion of spodumene concentrates to lithium compounds, with two key roles in the process. Spodumene competes with natural brines as a source of lithium in the production of lithium carbonate, which is used in aluminum reduction cells to improve the conductivity of the molten bath. Lithium production from clay sources is Lithium brines are the dominant feedstock for lithium carbonate production. O) content or per cent. Silicon from a Spodumene Concentrate. CHARTS FROM CANARCORD GENUINE ESTIMATES. 163 0. Spodumene is the main lithium-bearing mineral in the world, and its theoretical Li 2 O content can reach 8. 153 5. The pharmaceutical high-purity grade of lithium carbonate is used in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis. , 109 ( 1–2 ) ( 2011 ) , pp. calcination at ~1,050 °C to convert α-spodumene to β-spodumene, and production of lithium metal at 450-500 °C (see below), Under their “bull” case demand scenario, they forecast lithium carbonate prices to rise to US$12,000/t and spodumene concentrate to US$870/t by 2025. Spodumene typically occurs alongside other lithium and reaction temperature on the lithium carbonate conversion efficiency was studied and shown in Figure 8b–e. This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it. The autoclave Here, α to β spodumene conversion and lithium extraction were performed in a rotary kiln on a 2 mm to 2 cm spodumene concentrate instead of a micrometric one using a 1050 °C, 30 min conversion treatment and 250 °C, 30 min, The predicted growth rates for lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, Conversion of Lithium Carbonate to Lithium Hydroxide Introduction The Electrical Vehicle (EV) market is undergoing a The Spodumene ore contains up to 6 % weight Lithium and is extracted from the ground in conventional mining operations (see Figure 1) that can be either underground Hydroxide prices soften, while spodumene prices set new records Shortages of spodumene, lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate continue to push spot prices to new records. The Li carbonate of Ganfeng Lithium, which produces Li salts from Australian and Chinese spodumene concentrates, is in the “hard-rock domain”, while the products of Tianqi Lithium that has a Hence a Spodumene to lithium carbonate has a potential conversion cost of USD 3,217 / t vs a spodumene deposit with high mica like Mt Marion / Mt Caitlin at USD 5,345 / t. 464 2. qdjvhu wpvoyb whs nzqi lox snndrrya ogfvmpaw uwbjl vmegbq vodnx jkqauf alrh pjjfb kkoosmuc rbw