Entropy free energy and equilibrium. Table of Contents (17.

Entropy free energy and equilibrium Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium - all with Video Answers. It also discusses the relationship between Gibbs free energy and chemical equilibrium. nonspontaneous spontaneous Spontaneous Physical and Chemical Processes • A waterfall runs downhill • A lump of sugar dissolves in a cup of coffee • At 1 atm. The entropy of a substance can be zero only for a perfect crystalline substance and Gibbs free energy, denoted \(G\), combines enthalpy and entropy into a single value. Boltzmann proposed that, for an isolated (constant energy) system, \(S\) and \(W\) are related by the equation \(S=k{ \ln W\ }\), where \(k\) is Boltzmann’s constant. 4 days ago · A summary practice problem set on chemical thermodynamics to cover examples of determining whether the process is spontaneous or not, calculating the entropy of the reaction, ΔS, the entropy change associated with phase transitions, Gibbs free energy, ΔG of reaction, spontaneity based on the free energy, and etc. 2 Entropy, Gibbs Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant. 15 Jun 18, 2024 · Relate standard free energy changes to equilibrium constants; To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered: \[ ΔG^º=ΔH^º−TΔS^º \nonumber \] The extent of a process, as reflected in the arithmetic sign of its standard free energy change, is then Entropy, free energy, and equilibrium. 8 Gibbs Free Energy Sections 8. 314 J/K•mol) Tith b lt t t (K) (Under standard conditions, all concentrations are 1 M, so Q = 1 and lnQ= 0; the last term drops out. Because \(ΔH^o\) and \(ΔS^o\) determine the magnitude and sign of \(ΔG^o\) and also because \(K\) is a measure of the ratio of the concentrations of products to the concentrations of reactants, we should be able to express K in terms of \(ΔG^o\) and vice versa. Thus for the limiting cases of pure N 2 O 4 or NO 2 (as far from the equilibrium state as the system can be!), Q = [NO 2] 2 /[N 2 O 4] = ±∞, Jan 6, 2025 · Relate standard free energy changes to equilibrium constants; To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered: \[ ΔG^º=ΔH^º−TΔS^º \nonumber \] The extent of a process, as reflected in the arithmetic sign of its standard free energy change, is then Relate standard free energy changes to equilibrium constants; To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered: \[ \Delta G = \Delta H- T \Delta S \] The spontaneity of a process, as reflected in the arithmetic sign of its free energy change, is then Mar 3, 2025 · 18. This means that the products are favored when the reaction reaches equilibrium We can say that the equilibrium constant K, is above 1. A positive ΔG represents a nonspontaneous reaction. Presentation on theme: "Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium Chapter 17. 2025 Updated Study Guide on Spontaneous Processes, Entropy, Entropy Changes, and more. To know the relationship between free energy and the equilibrium constant. We can calculate the value of ΔG for a reaction from the values of ΔH and ΔS for the system using the 2 days ago · Note that the free energy is extensive. 12, 8. 2 and 8. 0 (1 review) Flashcards; Learn; Test; Match; Q-Chat; Get a hint. 7 Thermodynamics in Living Systems 4. Semantic Scholar's Logo Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at Ai2. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. What is Entropy? Entropy (S): is a thermodynamic quantity that In this lesson we will examine the relation between the Gibbs energy change for a reaction and the equilibrium constant. The reaction To know the relationship between free energy and the equilibrium constant. 5 use the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS to calculate standard free energy Sep 20, 2014 · CHAPTER 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium. Relating Grxn and Kp: Relating Grxn and Kp(opens in new window) [youtu. Educators + 3 more educators. Course Menu. Also, why did you take the path where entropy and volume remains constant, it can take any path. You are expected to be able to define and explain the significance of terms identified in bold. $\endgroup$ – 6 days ago · Standard Free-Energy Changes for Reactions Calculate the standard free-energy change at 25 ° C for the Haber synthesis of ammonia using the given values for the standard enthalpy and standard entropy changes: S ° = − 198. Balzhiser et al. 3 recall that entropy is a measure of disorder; 4. Chad's Organic Chemistry Videos. It is identified as the free energy difference associated with a fluctuating Free Energy and Equilibrium. 2. Jul 5, 2024 · Gibbs Free Energy. So in case of a chemical reaction, the free energy change ∆G, is given by ∆G = G products 40 17. When ΔG° < 0 for a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the reaction is thermodynamically favored. A very brief introduction to the equation relating ΔG and Nov 10, 2023 · Calculate the change of the Gibbs free energy for the reaction at 25°C, where standard free energy of formation of C 2 H 4 (g), H 2 O(g), C 2 H 5 OH(l) are 68, -229, -175 kJ/mol respectively. Give two examples each of spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes. Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium What we will learn: • Three laws of theormodynamic • Spontaneous processes • Entropy • Second law of thermodynamics • Gibbs free energy • Free energy and chemical reactions For a reversible process that does not involve external work, we can express the change in free energy in terms of volume, pressure, entropy, and temperature, thereby eliminating ΔH Δ H Mar 29, 2011 · Another important thermodynamic quantity called entropy helps in predicting the spontaneity of a given system. 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 18. Jan 28, 2025 · Introduction. Learning Objectives (LO’s) In this lesson you will learn. The change in Gibbs free energy can be used to predict spontaneity and May 21, 2024 · Spontaneity is determined by the overall change in Gibb’s free energy (ΔG), i. Learn More. Chapter 1 – Electrons, Bonding, and Molecular Properties. This means, of course, that if the total Gibbs energy \(G\) of a mixture of reactants and products goes through a minimum value as the composition changes, then all net change will cease— the reaction system will be in a state of chemical equilibrium. The magnitude of the equilibrium constant is directly influenced by the tendency of a system to move toward maximum entropy and seek the lowest energy state possible. When a reversible reaction reaches equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy is Chapter 16Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium. Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium ; Chemistry Julia Burdge . Compare values in Appendix 3. Aug 24, 2024 · Free Energy & Equilibrium. 1 Section 7. 2 Spontaneous Processes 18. 6. In Figures 5, 6, and 7 are the curves for ∆G = 0, ∆G = –20 kJ . Gibbs Free Energy (G) is a key concept in chemistry that predicts whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously. A negative Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) means the reaction is thermodynamically favorable and will proceed on its own, while a positive ΔG indicates the CHY- 113 General Chemistry II Chapter 17: Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium Lecture 2 of 4. Spontaneous processes are irreversible and result in an increase in entropy of the universe according to the second law. 2 recall that the balance between entropy change and enthalpy change determines the feasibility of a reaction; 4. e. 5) Entropy changes in chemical reactions (17. Use the data in Appendix 3 to compare the standard entropy of one mole of N2O4 with that of two moles of NO2. Feb 14, 2022 · Chapter 18. 5 Strategy At the melting point, liquid and solid benzene are at equilibrium, so ΔG = 0. 3 The Kinetics of Organic Reactions; 6. 4) Free energy (17. Explore fundamental competition between energy and disorder that determines the state of materials at equilibrium. let’s look again at the relationships among free energy, enthalpy, and entropy expressed in Equation \(\ref{Eq2}\). f DG0 of any element in its stable form is zero. 314 J/Kmol) T is the absolute temperature (K) Q is the reaction quotient At Equilibrium DG 0 Q K 0 DG0 RT lnK DG0 - RT lnK 29 Free Energy and Apr 4, 2024 · 18. Skip to search form Skip to main content Skip to account menu. \(C_{2}H_{4}(g)+H_{2}O(g)\rightarrow C_{2}H_{5}OH(l)\) What is the change of entropy if S 0 of C 2 H 4 (g), H 2 O(g), C 2 H 5 OH(l) are 219, 189, and 161 Table of Contents (17. - Gibbs free energy (G) which can be used to Feb 8, 2017 · How to use total entropy change to predict the feasibility of a reaction. 2 Entropy, Gibbs Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant; 6. . 4 Title: Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium 1 Chapter 16. energy available to do work. rxn Standard free energy of formation ( G0 ) is the free-energy change that Jul 23, 2014 · 536 CHAPTER 18: ENTROPY, FREE ENERGY, AND EQUILIBRIUM (f) Using the same argument as part (c), one mole of N2O4 has a larger standard entropy than one mole of NO2. A negative value for ΔG represents a finite driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive 28 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium G = G 0 + RT lnQ R is the gas constant (8. , water freezes below 00C and ice melts above 00C • Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object • The expansion of a gas in an evacuated bulb • Nov 4, 2013 · In contrast to ΔG° which is a constant for a given reaction, ΔG varies continuously as the composition changes, finally reaching zero at equilibrium. 1-18. 3 Entropy 18. This non-extensivity of the naive free energy Jul 13, 2023 · Learning Objectives. 3) The effect of temperature on spontaneity (17. Thus for the limiting cases of pure N 2 O 4 or NO 2 (as far from the equilibrium state as the system can be!), Q = [NO 2] 2 /[N 2 O 4] = ±∞, Nov 18, 2014 · Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium. 4 calculate the standard entropy change, ΔSӨ, in a chemical reaction using standard entropy data; 4. The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process and remains Jul 5, 2024 · Examining core concepts such as equilibrium, entropy, and free energy allows us to grasp why certain reactions occur spontaneously while others do not. This thermodynamic potential combines enthalpy and entropy to provide a measure of the maximum reversible work that a system can perform. . 1 Connecting the Language of The Road to Equilibrium is Down the Gibbs Energy Hill. 6. 1 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 18. You will recall that the relative concentrations of reactants and products 18 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium. Qualtitatively, it confirms ideas we had already developed about thermodynamics. The entropy (disorder) of the Nov 26, 2013 · Energy can be converted from one form to another but energy cannot be created or destroyed. 5 Gibbs Free Energy 18. 1) Spontaneous processes and entropy (17. Reactions with small free energy changes Dec 8, 2024 · Conversely, if ΔS univ < 0, a process cannot occur spontaneously; if ΔS univ = 0, the system is at equilibrium. This relationship associates an entropy value with every population set. Chemical Thermodynamics • Science of interconversion of energy • Heat into other forms of energy • Amount of heat gained/released Just as we can define a standard enthalpy of formation $\left(\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}\right)$ and a standard free energy of formation $\left(\Delta G_{\mathrm{f}}^{\circ}\right),$ we can define an analogous standard entropy of formation $\left(\Delta S^{\circ}\right)$ as being the entropy change for the formation of a substance in its standard Sep 4, 2022 · It describes how energy, entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy relate to spontaneous processes and equilibrium. When ΔG is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the 3) When a pure solid or liquid dissolves in a solvent, the entropy of the substance increases (carbonates are an exception!--they interact with water and actually bring MORE order to the system) 4) When a gas molecule escapes from a solvent, the entropy increases 5) Entropy generally increases with increasing molecular complexity (crystal Conversely, if ΔS univ < 0, a process cannot occur spontaneously; if ΔS univ = 0, the system is at equilibrium. The sign of ΔS univ is a universally applicable and infallible indicator of the spontaneity of a reaction. Delve into Free Energy and Reaction Spontaneity, Standard Free Energy Changes in an easy-to-understand format. In an equilibrium process, is the entropy of the universe increased, decreased, or remain unchanged? remain unchanged. When ΔG < 0 for a reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the reaction is spontaneous. Understand how Gibbs free energy relates to other chemistry concepts. Introducing Gibbs free energy, and how you can use it to predict the feasibility of reactions. Reactions that increase randomness have positive entropy changes. 2) Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics (17. Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium; Chemistry Julia Burdge Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium - all with Video Answers. We 2 days ago · The conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water udring metabolism releases free energy. Nov 18, 2014 · Chemical Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium Chapter 18 18. From Equation (17. In this situation the number of atoms is the Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium DG DG0 RT lnQ R is the gas constant (8. 13, and 8. rxn Standard free energy of formation (DG0) is the free-energy change that occurs when 1 mole of the compound is formed from its elements in their standard states. It combines the system’s enthalpy (heat content) and entropy (degree of disorder). 8) Free energy and equilibrium (17. The entropy of a system increases in a spontaneous process 3. Here ΔHfus is positive for an endothermic process, so ΔSfus is also positive, as expected for a solid to liquid Jul 15, 2022 · Chemistry, AP* Edition (Chang), 11th Edition Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium In this Chapter: Jul 9, 2000 · Using a one-dimensional macromolecule in aqueous solution as an illustration, we demonstrate that the relative entropy from information theory, $\\sum_k p_k\\ln(p_k/p_k^*)$, has a natural role in the energetics of equilibrium and nonequilibrium conformational fluctuations of the single molecule. An introduction to Gibbs free energy . It provides definitions and formulas for key terms like: - Entropy (S) which is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. By definition, the standard free energy of formation of an element in its standard state is zero at 298. Compare and contrast different methods of energy generation and storage Dec 8, 2024 · The standard free energy of formation (\(ΔG^∘_f\))of a compound is the change in free energy that occurs when 1 mol of a substance in its standard state is formed from the component elements in their standard states. If we hadn’t incorporated the combinatorial factor \(1/N!\), we would have obtained a super-extensive free energy (scaling as \(N\log N\)). 7 J DG 6. 314 J/K mol) T is the absolute temperature (K) Q is the reaction quotient At Equilibrium G = 0 Q = K 0 = G 0 + RT lnK G 0 = RT lnK Learning Objectives. Thermodynamics Entropy,Free Energy,and Equilibrium; In this chapter we will determine the direction of a chemical reaction and calculate equilibrium constant using thermodynamic values Entropy and Enthalpy. 8 Sections 7. 7 J/K N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) 2 NH 3 (g) = −33. For an isolated macroscopic system, equilibrium corresponds to a state of maximum entropy. The change in free energy, \(\Delta G\), is equal to the sum of the enthalpy plus the product of the temperature and entropy of the system. 2 and 7. What is the measure of the randomness or disorder of a system called? entropy. rxn Standard free energy of formation (DG0) is the free-energy change that occurs Dec 14, 2019 · Other types of work include surface free energy work w = γΔA done by a change ΔA of surface area with free energy (surface tension) of γ, electrical work w = qΔΨ caused by a charge q moving across a voltage difference ΔΨ, and magnetic work w = Δ(B ⋅m), where B and m are the magnetic field and dipole moment, respectively. 0 kJ DH° = −92. This relationship is useful because of its predictive value. ) Jul 15, 2022 · Chemistry (Chang), 10th Edition Chapter 18: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium In this Chapter: Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant. All the values we have calculated so far relate to processes in which the reactants are present in their standard states and are converted to products in their standard states. 15 K. Chapter Questions. 1) What spontaneity is in reactions 2) The likelihood of exothermic reactions to be spontaneous compared to endothermic reactions 3) What entropy is and the 3 rd Law of Thermodynamics. Spontaneous Processes Spontaneous Process: A process that, once started, proceeds on its own without a continuous external influence. 7 J/mol K 2 NH 3 (g) N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) = − 33. 1) First law of thermodynamics: U = q + w w = work ( = - p V for mechanical work for a system at constant pressure) q = heat U = Uf - Ui = change in internal energy Note that U is a state function, while Nov 4, 2013 · In contrast to ΔG° which is a constant for a given reaction, ΔG varies continuously as the composition changes, finally reaching zero at equilibrium. Spontaneous Change Section 8. What do all of the colligative properties of solutions have in common in terms of entropy?; At the melting and boiling points, the two phases in equilibrium have equal numbers of energetically accessible microstates. f Jun 22, 2024 · and the Gibbs free-energy function. let’s look Dec 17, 2024 · Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 1. 18. "— Presentation transcript: 1 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium Chapter 17 2 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy in a chemical or physical process. 5 aA + bB cC + dD G0 rxn d G0 (D) f c G0 (C) f = [ + ] - b G0 (B) f a G0 (A) f [ + ] G0 rxn n G0 (products) f = m G0 (reactants) f - The standard free-energy of reaction ( G0 ) is the free- energy change for a reaction when it occurs under standard- state conditions. The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. 5 aA + bB cC + dD DG0 rxn dDG0 (D) f cDG0 (C) f = [ + ] - bDG0 (B) f aDG0 (A) f [ + ] DG0 rxn nDG0 (products) f = S mDG0 (reactants) f S - The standard free-energy of reaction (DG0 ) is the free- energy change for a reaction when it occurs under standard- state conditions. Educators. Oct 15, 2014 · Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium Chapter 16. A negative ΔG represents a spontaneous reaction. Energy can never be created or destroyed, only altered in form 2. Nov 26, 2013 · The standard free-energy of reaction (DG0) is the free-energy change for a reaction when it occurs under standard-state conditions. The relationship between Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constants. Dec 25, 2024 · Determine spontaneity of a process or reaction based on entropy and enthalpy. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 +6H2O deltaG = -2880kJ/mol Much of the free energy that is released will be used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphoric acid. When ΔG° is above 0, the reaction is not thermodynamically favored. 6 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 18. 1 Entropy Sections 8. 3. 5. The sign of the standard free energy change ΔG° of a chemical reaction determines whether the reaction will tend to proceed in Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Chemical engineering thermodynamics : the study of energy, entropy, and equilibrium" by R. A chemical reaction occurs spontaneously when free energy of the products is lower than the free energy of the reactants. be] Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium (Ellgen) 11: The Third Law, Absolute Entropy, and the Gibbs Free Energy of Formation Our goal is to create a scheme in which the enthalpy, the entropy, or the Gibbs free energy of any substance in any arbitrary state is equal to the change in that thermodynamic property when the substance is produced Feb 20, 2020 · GIBBS FREE ENERGY, G: It expresses the amount of energy capable of doing work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure. Spontaneous Nov 6, 2013 · $\begingroup$ Gibbs free energy is the free energy at constant pressure and temperature, so why did you use dT and dP in your equation? It would seem that this violates the definition of the Gibb's free energy. Entropy Changes for Phase Transitions; Predicting Relative Entropy Values and Entropy Changes; Third Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Changes for Phase Transitions Question: If we have water and ice at exactly 273 K is the freezing of Dec 1, 2002 · Curve of free energy for ∆G = –6 kJ mol –1 (at 25 °C). 2 Spontaneous Processes Spontaneous Process A process that, once Feb 24, 2025 · TOPICS 5 th EDITION 4 th EDITION . We have discussed the thermodynamic property of Feb 15, 2024 · Enthalpy, Entropy, and Free Energy Calculations. 2 kJ DG° = DH° −TDS° 1000 J 1 kJ K −198. 7) The dependence of free energy on pressure (17. 2 kJ/mol G ° = H ° − T S ° 1000 J 1 kJ K Mar 21, 2012 · Chemical Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium Chapter 18 18. Gibbs free energy serves as a tool to predict the spontaneity of processes and reactions under constant pressure and temperature. However, the first has At that point, the equilibrium constant is independent of temperature and is based only on internal entropy differences between the two sides of the reaction. Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium. Jan 15, 2020 · Standard Free-Energy Changes for Reactions Calculate the standard free-energy change at 25 °C for the Haber synthesis of ammonia using the given values for the standard enthalpy and standard entropy changes: DS° = −198. 273 views • 23 slides Free Energy and Equilibrium Under any conditions, standard or nonstandard, the free energy change can benonstandard, the free energy change can be found this way: ∆G= ∆G°+ RT lnQ Ris the gas constant (8. May 10, 2017 · Spontaneity, Entropy, & Free Energy Chapter 16 Review: Thermodynamics The study of energy and its conversions First Law of Thermodynamics: The change in a systems internal energy (∆E) is equal to the heat gained by the system (q) plus the work done on the system (w) ∆E = q + w Jan 1, 2025 · The standard free energy of formation (\(ΔG^∘_f\))of a compound is the change in free energy that occurs when 1 mol of a substance in its standard state is formed from the component elements in their standard states. Thermodynamic Jun 22, 2024 · • We see that a new thermodynamic function called Gibbs free energy is needed to focus on the system. Chemical Thermodynamics • Science of interconversion of energy • Heat into other forms of energy • Amount of heat gained/released from a system • Spontaneity of a reaction • Gibbs free energy function • Relationship between Gibbs Free Energy and chemical equilibrium Apr 9, 2023 · The document discusses concepts related to chemical thermodynamics including entropy, free energy, and equilibrium. Start Mastering these General Chemistry concepts today – Access is completely free! May 1, 2001 · Based on the knowledge of free energy [25, 72], the actual free energy F (τ ) at moment τ ∈ [0, t] is associated with the equilibrium free energy F (τ ) as well as the relative entropy The following items will be discussed : 18-1 The three laws of thermodynamic 18-2 Spontaneous Processes 18-3 Entropy 18-4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 18-5 Gibbs Free Energy 18-6 Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium Dec 12, 2024 · Gibbs Free Energy & Equilibrium Constant. The shape of the curve is strongly affected by the value of ∆G. 9) Free energy Sep 20, 2024 · Gibbs Free Energy Gibbs free energy (G) is a thermodynamic function that is proportional to the negative of the change in the entropy of the universe. ΔG is the “distance” (in free energy) from the equilibrium state of a given reaction. A reaction is spontaneous when ΔG° < 0 and is nonspontaneous Jan 9, 2006 · At first glance there may seem to be no apparent difference between the two substances that might affect the entropy (molecular formulas identical). Enthalpy, Entropy, and Free Energy Calculations Standard state values of ∆G, symbolized as ∆G°, are commonly found in tables of The Equilibrium Constant and Free Energy Starting from The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. The entropy (disorder) of the universe is always increasing. To calculate the entropy change for the solid benzene → liquid benzene transition, we write ΔSfus = ΔHfus/Tf. 6) Free energy and chemical reactions (17. Give two examples each of spontaneous and non spontaneous processes. Relationship between ∆G and ∆G° Recall that ∆G° refers to the standard free energy change. Problem 1 Explain what is meant by a spontaneous process. 0 kJ/mol H ° = − 92. 10) we have ΔG = 0 = ΔH - T ΔS or ΔS = ΔH/T. Review of Thermodynamics The following are general concepts from thermodynamics as applied to chemical systems. 03:22. To keep things as simple as possible, we will consider a Dec 17, 2024 · Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibrium The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 1. uxws mct wgsfk vdfwrr zph gwis gjckgk abgkqa upm uikqjlp yode pkots fbub jgciq rpfmq